Showing posts with label RTL-SDR V3. Show all posts
Showing posts with label RTL-SDR V3. Show all posts

Monday, November 13, 2023

RTL-SDR V4 compared to RTL-SDR V3



HVDN prime author Steve K2GOG received two of the RTL-SDR V4 during its initial production run. 

Here we are about four months later and there have been many other reviews focused on basic differences between the two devices. 

There have also been impressively fast integration of the new drivers along with popular software. By mid September, almost everything was solved but I waited a while to do this article now that production has resumed and the V4 is easily found again until the R828T chips run out.

Almost every video or article focuses on the same things like which one works better for HF reception or other pretty basic things. There are some major differences where the V4 really shines and that is what this review is about.  Our goal is to NOT focus on the same thing and to not try to force our readers to buy one over the other, unless the below is of interest to you.

Please note, get the right antennae for what you want to do. Using telescoping crap antenna is not going to work well for almost everything we cover below based partially on the spectrum coverage chart below.


Directly from the "RTL-SDR Blog V4 Dongle Initial Release" article, there are some major things to point out.


  • 0-30 MHz Spectrum:  This has been beaten to death already. The V4 is much better at HF reception compared to the V3, but you still need to have a real antenna. Do not take shortcuts here as a marginal 2-3 foot (1m) telescoping whip is not going to impress you.  A major benefit is not having to select Q branch to receive the "short wave" spectrum, so with the right software the overall user experience is still better here.   It is worth noting that comparing the V4 to even the inexpensive "knock off" SDRPlay devices for around the same price still offers better HF spectrum coverage along with wider 10 MHz bandwidth compared to the V4's 3.2 MHz bandwidth.  Its time to move on. The RTL-SDR is fine for what it is and stop focusing just on this spectrum as a selling point.
  • 100-300 MHz Spectrum:  There are spots where coverage is slightly better with the V4 compared to the V3. Its not worth getting into much detail here, but the built in triplexer and filtering does a better job limiting out of band broadcast interference from the 88-108 MHz range, especially if you are interested in civilian aviation VHF 118-136 coverage as well as other amateur or utility communications.
  • 315 & 433 MHz ISM Spectrum:  If you really want to explore what is around you or wish to think you are some sort of "hacker" having better sensitivity and filtering around the 315 MHz range used for tire pressure monitors found on many vehicles in North America and the shared 433 MHz ISM range with many "Internet of Things" devices and amateur radio things is a huge gain here.  This was worth the expense for these monitoring target applications.
  • 868 & 915 MHz Sub GHz Spectrum:  Another area of improvement with the V4 device.  Many IoT devices worth sniffing around exist here. While the V4 does seem as if it is not as sensitive compared to the V3, I feel this is not too bad since it forces the user to use more purpose drive antennae to make up for the difference. 
  • >1000 MHz+ Spectrum:   North of 1 GHz, performance is not really that bad with the V4 and with an LNA, better antennae or combination of the two is fine.  Over time, the two V4 devices have been tested to have slightly less thermal drift and lower power consumption compared to the V3.  In many cases where monitoring L Band spectrum, this becomes important since the RTL-SDR's have been installed in areas not very accessible or have had to contend with heat build up.   For applications like HRPT satellites,  ADS-B, and so many other things found in the 1000-2000 MHz slice, the V4 has really been great when uses with purpose focused antennae.

Lazy Summary

We are talking about an under $40 USD device. Stop being cheap. Stop pretending this will be the best radio receiver ever made. Stop using crap antennae and blaming the SDR or the software. Stop thinking the world revolves only around HF spectrum.  Buy an RTL-SDR V4 if you are interested in doing many things which will motivate you to explore better antennae and software where you can find really cool things in the airwaves that may just be data signals and not just human voice communications.

Other Things

I really like the indicator light for when the bias T power is active. The L band patch made by RTL-SDR has an indicator, but its inside the antennae housing so is not viewable. Knowing the small green light on the V4 is on, does help ensure I know the antenna downstream is seeing power has been helpful Many software packages like SDRangel allows control of the bias T power, but a physical indicator is still nice.

Overall design in such a small package is hard to do.  We may be at the limits of what else can be done in this formfactor but with thermal management becoming more challenging, its commendable how the power supply has been redesigned. Earlier SDR suffered greatly from power issues, this is not the case with the V4.

If there were two front end major changes, I would love to have a built in dedicated high isolation filter which pretty much knocks out the entire 88-108 MHz range up to 60db since strong signals tend to mix at odd places at times or have a tight filter around 400 MHz for better ISM or radiosonde monitoring between 400-450 MHz.   Otherwise I am just picking on things I can solve other ways via outboard filtering or mission specific antennae with usually do a great job at out of band attenuation.


Sunday, November 12, 2023

How To: SDRangel Education Series (Focus on Release 7)

 


Long overdue are some filtered playlists for HVDN created videos, such as those focused on SDRangel software.

With SDRangel Version 7 Series, many changes have confused people on how to get started, so our part 3 series should be a good education source when using RTL-SDR V3 or V4 devices.

Part 1 of this series focuses on basic getting started or getting restarted if you tried SDRangel in the past and want to give it another look.  The use case also shows how easy it is to use multiple SDR at the same time to monitor spectrum very far apart, such as the 118-136 MHz civilian aviation band plus the 1090 MHz ADS-B used to track aircraft transponders.



Part 2 of this series is focused on how to reserialize your RTL-SDR device since the default is 00000001 and this will need to be changed to allow computers or other devices to recognize them from each other.


Keep an eye on the SDRangel Education playlist as more content gets loaded.  Since 2017, HVDN has produced 255 articles to date and 15 have featured this great software plus many others have made a passing mention about F4EXB's labour of love.

SDRangel has evolved so much since the v1.0.1 release back in 2015 and HVDN's official coverage started around version 3.6.5 in 2017.  As a follower from the near beginning and an educator across the evolution, if you need to know about SDRangel,  please consider us experts.

Also, check out the SIGpi project now which uses SDRangel as one of the core applications. This will become even more important as SIGpi gets ready for a huge update now that Raspberry Pi 5 is here.



Saturday, January 8, 2022

SigPi 5.0: What is it and what does it do?

 

HVDN is happy to announce the release of SigPi 5.0, after lots of hard work by Joe Cupano NE2Z as the chief architect and Steve Bossert K2GOG as laboratory hamster.

SIGpi 5.0 is the root software of a much larger project which is focused on field based signal intelligence gathering and transmission toolset. 

The need for SIGpi comes from a lack of easy to upgrade and easy to use software defined radio applications that is not dependent on ready made images being up to date with current software versions.

SIGpi is not targeted at amateur radio enthusiasts, but any hobbyist (or professional) involved in RF spectrum related interests.

For secure environments built on a stock linux image such as Ubuntu 20.04 or Raspberry OS, the approach of the SIGpi based script based menu driven installation decreases frustration by the end user.


Yes, lets begin! 


As illustrated in pre release 5.0 and older versions, just navigate through the menus to install what you want. 

Newly added into SIGpi is support for the Ettus USRP lab grade SDR platform and also support for the LoRa bonnet which is the original cornerstone of the HASviolet project.



Right away we are showing why SIGpi is different because to explore the RF around you, it is important to support hardware tools with unique capabilities that also allow you to interact with those signals. More about this later.....

General and Extra SDR Applications

Six programs were chosen for basic utility, general and extra value added benefit as the core applications. You can install all, some or none of them but all were chosen for a purpose.


As you can see below, running RTL_433 can expose many signals around you, such as weather station transmitters or the tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) found on every car made after 2007.

The inexpensive RTL-SDR V3 when connected will automatically connect and start streaming data as shown, in this case every time a car passes by the SIGpi.

Also connected to the Raspberry Pi 4 is a HackRF which is shown using SDRangel to visualize the 315 MHz spectrum the TPMS sensors are using.

Being able to support multiple SDR devices for different or related tasks is important for signal gathering work.

If there is interest in connecting multiple RTL-SDR V3 or other related USB SDR units, you will need to serialize them so they are all treated as unique devices by the Raspberry Pi. More about RTL_EEPROM can be found here.



Another use case could be watching ADS-B traffic as it flows in as pure data via one RTL-SDR V3 at 1090 MHz and monitor multiple VHF AIR audio channels at the same time along with spectrum scope.

There are many command line based tools that can do similar things which are included in SIGpi such as rtl_adsb, dump1090, rtl_fm and many many more.  Simply, we want to show the core visual applications here first though.


Use Cases for SIGpi

It will be hard to define every use case possible via all the included software with SIGpi, but the benefits are that it is something modular and easy to expand to include new software at any time.

The SIGpi approach also offers the guarantee that the latest version of all included software is installed the first time you install SIGpi.

When you wish to upgrade SIGpi,  you can do this via just one application at a time or all of them.

Here are some select use cases to inspire imagination for SIGpi to be part of your signal intelligence efforts.

Receive Only Use Case Examples

  • Explore analog or digital audio communications.
  • Use more than one SDR tuned to 3rd harmonics of one signal to assist with direction finding.
  • Analyze digital on off key (OOK) and many other signals to determine characteristics.
  • Perform situational awareness of  airplanes and boats which transmit GPS data.
  • Provide ethical use cases for multi-signal observations.
  •  Receive non encrypted video based signals of analog or digital formats.
  • Track and monitor high altitude objects such as balloons, rockets and satellites.
  • Evaluate all forms of license free communications dependent on your hardware.

Transmit Only Use Case Examples

  • Create different non-location based beacon transmitters for different test scenarios.
  • Broadcast low power informational material for special events.
  • Experiment with location based positioning with or without GPS.
 Combined Transmit/Receive Use Case Examples
  • Experiment with re-broadcast capability of radio to radio or internet to radio signals.
  • Share bidirectional  internet to radio based signals to fill in short range communications gaps.
  • Provide training for "man in middle" type of threat vectors or ethical honey pot deployments.
  • Create software defined transcievers for amateur radio via hardware like Lime SDR, RadioBerry, HackRF, QDX, etc

Summary & Support

The community of developers of all the included software makes SIGpi possible.  The HASviolet and Kismet programs are made right here in the Hudson Valley, so please consider supporting them if you live locally which also helps SIGpi grow.  All other programs we encourage the same appreciation.

The scripting and architecture behind SIGpi is well documented and commented on if you wish to explore how things are being connected by looking at SIGpi Git repository or by simply using your favorite text editor after you have installed SIGpi

Who SIGpi is NOT targeted to

The developers of SIGpi encourage ethical use of SIGpi and its suite of community software. 

We do not encourage malicious use of any of the included programs nor will we be providing assistance in implementing non-ethical use of any of the programs which can be used with appropriate hardware to do interesting things.

Thank you to our growing SIGpi community

We hope you enjoy the convenience of SIGpi.  Please join our growing list of stargazers for  SIGpi on Git to show your support.



Friday, December 17, 2021

Making SDR easy with SIGpi

 

Do you have a Raspberry Pi 4 that needs a new use?  Have you wanted to run your RTL-SDR V3, HackRF, Lime SDR or other SDR on something other than a dedicated computer?  Are you afraid of the word "dependency" when it comes time to compile applications on Linux? Would you like to be able to better sense the RF world around you?

If you answered yes to any of those questions, SIGpi is going to be worth paying attention to.  What Joe Cupano NE2Z has done is created a set of automated installation scripts and menu system to allow for easy automated installation of many popular software defined radio applications and optimized a few things to run on Raspberry OS 64-bit (or 32-bit) systems.

Quick Dare To Compare

Dragon OS is a precompiled Linux operating environment along with many popular SDR and related applications which is quicker to get started with compared to SIGpi.

The major benefit with SIGpi is user customization for what you wish to install as the main applications.  And, when it comes to to update applications like SDRangel or SDR++ as example, a script called "pusher" allows the prior version to get updated to the latest version without breaking dependencies.

Beyond many of the visual applications that may be of interest to those interested in "signal interception" work, many command line and other applications of interest to wireless network or amateur radio professionals are also included.

These are some of the user experience driven benefits of what makes SIGpi unique and beneficial to different users and for those with different levels of technical abilities.

Pre-Education: Getting Started with SIGpi

Go ahead and grab your favorite SDR device which is NOT one of the SDRplay devices and install a fresh copy of either the 32 or 64 bit version of Raspberry OS onto a new 32GB or larger SD card.

A few quick notes:

  • Performance will be better under the 64 bit based Raspberry OS, so you need to decide that now.
  • If you decide to use the 32 bit version, a program called Artemis will be able to better function
  • Artemis is an offline signal analysis database application which has samples of different signals and frequency uses to help determine likely digital mode signals you may come across.

Once you have your fresh SD card ready with Raspberry OS version of choice, it would be a good idea to enable SSH support for later ease of access. 

Enabling SSH access on a Raspberry Pi likely is something our readers should be aware of already.

After you log in to your Raspberry Pi for the first time with the generic credentials,  it may also be a good idea to sudo raspi-config and also enable VNC support for further headless access.

SIGpi has intentionally turned off Wi-Fi interface, so you can also choose to turn that back on if you like while you are in raspi-config when connected over LAN.

A Few Easy Steps

There are only a few steps you need to do now that you have your Raspberry Pi 4 that is hopefully connected to the internet now to now move towards getting SIGpi installed and you have already completed the usual apt-get update and apt-get upgrade sequences.

Below in green are the commands needed via terminal to get ready for SIGpi. Details are also in the Git repository page here.

First, you will need to run sudo apt-get install -y build-essential cmake git .  This will add some other important pieces to your stock Raspberry OS installation.

Next,, you will need to mkdir ~/SIG && cd ~/SIG in order to create the directory where SIGpi will end up and also automatically move you into that directory for our next step.

Use this opportunity now, if not already, to make your terminal screen full screen on your computer which will be helpful for some later steps.

The third thing to run via your terminal is:

git clone https://github.com/joecupano/SIGpi.git

This important step will clone the Git repository for SIGpi to your Raspberry Pi.

Finally, all you have to do now is cd SIGpi so that you can run the set up script for SIGpi.

./SIGpi_installer.sh

Now here is where the fun begins. Once you run the ./SIGpi_installer.sh and if everything was followed up until this point, you be greeted with a screen like this now in your terminal:


After using your tab key to allow you to hit enter, your next step will be to select the base applications for your installation.  

A 32GB SD card at minimum is suggested for further expansion, but if you wish to use a 16GB card, you can select the options in this article to help keep your installation a little smaller for now.


The reason why we are providing an option for two versions of GNUradio is based on user preference.

 Some people may prefer to still use the older 3.8 version since the architecture for 3.9 changed a bit. For most people who are interested in the more visual applications for SIGpi,  either is fine and 3.8 may be fine for now.


In this step, your base visual SDR applications can be installed and we suggest getting familiar with SDRangel and also SDR++.  Lighter weight applications like GQRX and CubicSDR are provided as options for convenience.

This step will be of more interest to amateur radio people interested in some digital modes specific to those activities mostly. 

You can decide to always come back to install these if you like, but they are all pretty small and could not hurt to include all five in your initial installation.


This selection of useful applications will appeal to different people for different reasons. Some may already be familiar to some readers, but Artemis might be new as well as the HVDN HASviolet project which we snuck in here as well.  

At any point after initial installation you can add these, but if you have a 32GB card or greater, it is more than ok to just select all of these and move on.

It is worth noting that the popular rtl_433, dump1090, radiosonde and a few other command line applications are already going to install automatically since they are small, but we chose to only highlight the larger applications in this menu tree for installation.


And now you are ready to hurry up and wait. Once you move past this menu, you will start to see a flurry of activity taking place with critical milestones highlighted during installation to know what steps you are up to.  


Depending on your options selected, the total installation for the first time will take up to three hours in total.  As the SIGpi progresses you will see colored bars like above letting you know what is comping up and what has just finished installation.

If you decide to include SDRangel, the wisdom files included for FFT will be worth the wait given all the underlying dependencies that F4EXB and his community have built into this great application. 

The Artemis application and hamlib will also take a while, but as long as you can leave your Raspberry Pi connected to the internet and you can check in on it from time to time via your terminal, everything should run pretty smoothly. 

Installed. Now what?

Suggestion from here is to just VNC into your Raspberry Pi and you will be greeted with some localization steps for Raspberry Pi like setting up a keyboard, time zone and warned that now is a great time to change the default password from "raspberry" to something else.

Once you have a look at the menus in the Raspberry OS, you will see many fun things to play with and explore signals around you.


A last recommendation before we close this article is that it is a good idea to plug your SDR into the Raspberry PI 4 USB 3.0 port (the blue ones!)  to get more bandwidth for your SDR.

Perhaps starting with SDR++ or SDRangel is what got you excited, so hope you enjoy SIGpi.

When it comes time to update to a later version of the applications installed, you can learn about how to do that by visiting the SIGpi Git repository.

Future video, article, etc coming up to help better understand how to actually use the software and also how to update things when its needed with SIGpi. 

https://github.com/joecupano/SIGpi


Wednesday, November 24, 2021

SIGpi: The automated way to install SIGINT

 


If you are interested in signal interception (SIGINT) and the convergence of amateur radio with non-amateur radio wireless interests,  SIGpi might be worth a look.

What makes SIGpi different than DragonOS is that you can control what gets installed versus just running an image. The benefit of DragonOS is a much faster time from download to actual use compared to SIGpi, but that is ok.

Both projects have one thing in common, which is making it easier to enjoy the world of software defined radio and focusing on things not just on specific spectrum or applications.

How easy is this?

In the case of SIGpi, it is optimized to run on a Raspberry Pi and will compile all the correct dependencies to allow popular applications like SDRangel to run along with pre-configurations needed for different hardware SDR like the HackRF or Lime SDR among others.

Getting Started

As long as you are running a Raspberry Pi 4 and a fresh install of the latest Raspberry Pi OS or Ubuntu RPI,  here is all you need to do:

  • Login as Pi (or ubuntu)
  • Create a directory in your home called source and switch into it
  • Clone the SIGpi repo
  • Run SIGpi_installer.sh
  • Follow script instructions.
To make things more clear, here are the steps you can simply copy and paste.

  1. sudo apt-get install -y build-essential git
  2. mkdir ~/source && cd ~/source
  3. git clone https://github.com/joecupano/SIGpi.git
  4. cd SIGpi
  5. ./SIGpi_installer.sh
How long did you say this takes?

Even on the latest Raspberry Pi 4,  compiling software still can only happen as fast as it can happen. This is why Joe Cupano NE2Z chose to make an easy guided menu system to allow you to install only what you want and even give you time estimates for it to install. 

Aside from the default options already selected, you can further customize what else you wish to start with. Once you are done, now its time to hurry up and wait.



What is included in SIGpi?

The current list of included and validated software included in SIGpi can be found at https://github.com/joecupano/SIGpi.    It is worth mentioning that SIGpi was a necessity for a wider project called SIGbox which is covered separately. 


An example during the install script relating to different types of
radiosonde signals which can be decoded using appropriate
hardware, antenna and SIGpi. 






Friday, October 22, 2021

How do I get my DMR recordings?

 

Kraken is coming and we all need to prepare for its arrival.  On Tuesday October 19th 2021, Steve K2GOG was invited to the North Star Digital Net to give a quick chat about what does it do and why its important for the future within the broader topic of "software defined radio".

A few people who could not attend the live discussion had asked Jim WA2UMP and Steve K2GOG to see if they could record the audio presentation.   This is a fun problem that needed to be solved first to start this article, so read onward!

How do you record DMR audio?

Steve K2GOG planned to use his Alinco DJ-MD5XTG to talk via his hotspot which reaches the Brandmeister 31630 (STEM) talk group.  A nice feature with this radio, as well as the popular Anytone AT-878 series of radio, is that it can record transmit and receive audio with timestamps and by who was speaking.

Its easy to scroll through recorded audio files one by one or play all your recordings on a loop to play them all in order. This could be helpful if you thought you may have missed some important scheduled discussion or activity on your favorite talk group.

One annoyance is that the recordings save to internal memory on the radio instead of a micro SD card, like on radios such as the D-Star focused Kenwood TH-D74 or the Fusion based Yaesu FT-5DR. 

Both of those radios and even the Icom IC-705, all require the user to remove the SD card from the radio to access recorded audio but that makes it really easy to access those files  on your computer and send them to someone to share interesting transmissions like during a satellite contact. 

In the case with the Alinco and Anytone, you need to connect up a cable to your computer to access the recordings but you can not pull those files off which is super annoying. The manufacturers software seems to lock this function out but would otherwise clearly support this as pictured below.


If you click any of the files listed in photo above, the recording simply plays through the radio speaker but we are no closer to sharing the recordings.

The Alinco DJ-MD5 series of radio uses a simple USB micro cable to program the radio but does not output audio.  The way to solve this problem is to use the headphone port on the Alinco which uses the standard 3.5mm plug found on most all consumer headphones.

Using a 3.5mm stereo to stereo cable, the other end plugs right into the microphone jack on your computer sound card.  If you have a modern laptop which uses a TRRS (Tip, Ring1, Ring2, Sleeve) style connector, you may instead need to use a USB sound card as mentioned in Steve's explanation video below.


Now that we have that problem solved, you can use a program like Audacity with the sound activated record function enabled to "re-record" the audio from the radio to your computer.  While this takes a little while to do, it lets you easily stitch together the audio segments you want with no gaps. 

If you are over a certain age where you may remember double cassette recorders, this activity may bring back memories of less technological days when you had to get creative to make a mix tape from "borrowed" cassettes or maybe songs off the local broadcast station.

Hopefully this modern solution may give you some ideas on getting more from your DMR radio.

Getting back to Kraken

After all that, now we can finally get to the recording you might have missed! 

Here is an MP3 recording mostly of the segment from Steve K2GOG.  

It sounds like he missed a few parts but is otherwise complete. It looks like a time intensive operation to click on all recordings in order, so bear that in mind if you wish to do something like this yourself.

The recorder function works on any "over the air" DMR signal, so using it also to record simplex activity like what took place during the NEARFEST on US national DMR simplex of  446.075 MHz on time slot 1, color code 1 and talk group 99 is another idea.   

But, if you plan to record audio from Brandmeister you can also just use the "Hoseline" function and route that audio from a talk group into Audacity just as easily using virtual audio cables. 

And with that, I hope you are looking forward as much as Steve is to getting the new Kraken once its starts shipping in March 2022.

Monday, October 11, 2021

Why United States amateur radio can not evolve?

 

The title of this post sounds a little like a "Jeopardy" answer in the category of "Famous son inventors".  Probably, the question was "Beyond silencers, this son of a different American pioneer was also known for the growth of which hobby, which involves shooting things other than bullets into the air?"

1ZT: Getting your attention!

Its always easy to poke fun at the love of all things high frequency and possibly even one of the important founders of the Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL) who we have to credit, much like the National Rifle Association (NRA), for embedding certain hobbies and perceptions into the DNA of Americans.  

This is none other than the old man himself, Hiram Percy Maxim, who is not only one of the co-founders of the ARRL, but also one of the early inventors of the firearm silencer and son of the mastermind behind the Maxim machine gun.

Did you know there was a more legitimate co-founder of the ARRL named Clarence Tuska?  He was also the person behind the much loved QST magazine and likely would be more apt to read an article like this compared to Mr. Maxim.  

Both of these "OM" helped evolve the world of wireless communications for hobbyists like us, but we are now at a time where we need to prevent us from facing extinction.



As an engineer,  Mr. Tuska is who promoted the use of the higher 200m and above spectrum rather then the lower 600m band and was much more focused as an experimenter with radio technology.  I like Mr. Tuska and what he did for the hobby in the United States, thanks to his awareness to share information in written form. Lets now jump into something fresh and new! 

Why?

I write this after sharing notice of an important evolution within radio technology which has not yet really come into wide spread use across amateur radio yet.  

Today, we can not wait around for QST to learn about the latest innovations.  Its right here in the digital domain is where you will learn about something new. And, by the time most people get QST in the mail, its out of date and more time is spent trying to find who to give it to! 

The Future.....

What I am talking about is known as a software definable front end preselector.  Those I shared this latest Crowd Supply project with immediately needed to point out that something like this is useless, since it does not include capability for our much beloved "HF" spectrum allocations.  

At $419 USD, it is expected to cover spectrum much lower in order to appeal to the amateur radio hobbyist to make it a worth while purchase.



This preselector is a versatile, highly useful tool for providing programmable bandpass filtering for a software-defined radio, among other applications. 

In the receive path, that filtering can be used to mitigate the effect of strong blocking signals; in the transmit path, it can be used to help reduce out-of-band radiation. 

ATEK1001 aims to provide an affordable filter bank for radio enthusiasts and SDR users. More of the technical specifications concerning the 485MHz to 7.7 GHz can be read about here. 

Starting so high into UHF spectrum even limits its applications for most of the amateur radio community members interested in bands such as 70cm, 1.25m, 2m, 4m, 6m and of course the rest of the HF band.

What makes the ATEK101 interesting is how small it is. 

Who cares. More money for another HF CW/DIGI Kit!!

For those interested in Software Defined Radio (SDR), this is where the market software defined radio front end (SDRFE) is really targeted.  Not the HF only operator who only chases CW contacts in South Dakota.

The popular Lime SDR and Lime SDR Mini are joined by a branded product also available via Crowd Supply called the Lime RFE which does cover the important spectrum we care about and is only a mere $699 USD and covers up to 3.5 GHz plus all the important amateur radio bands in between. 

It is however a much larger product. There is even a $549 USD option for those who do not need the cellular filtering and this will appeal more to frugal amateur radio operators looking for something new. 

If you wanted to experiment with RF filtering, the Lime RFE or the ATAK1001 are what is available today.   

-----------------------------------------------------

SIDE NOTE:   Interested SDR for HF?   Get online for the QDX available October 11th at 2:00 PM EST until units sell out.   https://qrp-labs.com/qdx.html 

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Do I need a SDR Front End?

Reason here is to illustrate there are some interesting things taking place within the world of software "re-defined" radio worth keeping an eye on, but another area is the niche that the phase coherent software defined radio is filling.

We are jumping to a totally different topics here because I can not find anything about a dedicated HF only or even HF and VHF RFE to write about, but now I know I have your attention.  

A phase coherent SDR is a combination of multiple software defined radios which can act together or separate from each other to do interesting things.

Combining multiple receivers can act as a way to filter or combine signals and the RTL-SDR.com provided "Kerberos" product was the first low cost way to do this with its four receivers which are identical in performance to the popular RTL-SDR V3 most who are reading this probably own already.

Software for Software Defined Radio

A challenge when the Kerberos first came to market in early 2019 was little available software to use it with and it also needed a little more horse power from a computer to utilize its capabilities.

Things changed for Kerberos when the Raspberry Pi 4 became available and it was far easier to use the Kerberos for applications like radio direction finding or using its phase coherence capability. 

Software also improved since 2019, with applications like SDRangel being one of the first to offer easy to use multiple receivers at the same time in a visual application.   

Using something like a Kerberos and its 4 separate receivers capable to tune to any approximate 2.4 MHz chunk of spectrum at one time means you can monitor multiple bands at the same time or even the same frequency via different receivers and find ways to optimize reception by using different DSP filtering tools.  

By the time many people got excited about the capability of the Kerberos, it was already out of production or sold at lower cost, but there is a new model called the Kraken about to be unleashed which will include five independent receivers.  so,  its time to jump onboard now if you want to do amazing things with a phase coherent receiver. 

There is a more polished software program specific for the Kraken, which can also be used with the Kerberos if you have.  

Many more traditional SDR programs like those which Rick W1RHS let us know about recently also exist now which can be used with phase coherent hardware.

During the October 19th session of the popular Northstar Digital Net managed by Jim WA2UMP,  some discussion about both phase coherent receivers and possibly other SDR topics like RFE will be mentioned. 

Steve K2GOG of HVDN will be available to share more details and field questions on some other aspects about software defined radio that hopefully, will make the likes of Mr. Tuska and Mr. Maxim proud. 

Please be sure to join us Tuesday October 19th at 8:00 PM Eastern Time on Brandmeister Talk Group 31630 if you are interested in topics like this on the evolution of amateur radio by using the future to do so thanks to DMR.



Thursday, September 30, 2021

Learning about SDR with Rick + Get ready for the Kraken!!!


Software Defined Radio is eating the world.  SDR devices have become common place in both the amateur radio and electronics hobbyist world for many years now and the good news is that hardware comes at different prices in order to appeal to different users.

On October 5th 2021 during the North Star Digital Net,  Rick W1RHS, will be talking about the inexpensive RTL-SDR USB dongles and where they fit in along side other much more expensive devices aimed at the amateur radio community.

For under $30 USD, this popular RTL-SDR V3 has been covered before on HVDN and Carl Laufer who is the manufacturer of this SDR has even shared some HVDN articles on his very popular RTL-SDR.com blog

And, because HVDN and Jim WA2UMP who runs this excellent DMR weekly discussion are close friends with Rick W1RHS, here is a quick link to Rick's upcoming presentation which will be live on talk group 31630 (STEM) on Brandmeister next Tuesday.  

Its also possible to listen to the discussion without a DMR radio by looking for 31630 in the talk group list at https://hose.brandmeister.network/#/ 

What about the software?  What about the Kraken?

Rick covers some really great detail on hardware plus some ideas for software, which is really needed to get your "software" defined radio to do anything.

Between Rick's latest presentation and one that Steve K2GOG did a while back on "Sensing the world around you", you will see many of the same references to certain software, like SDR#, SDR Play, SDRangel and a few others. Since the below chart was created, another cross platform application worth a strong look is called SDR++


One area which both presentations did not talk about is something called a phase coherent software defined radio which actually combines multiple radio's together in order to provide very unique capabilities.

The RTL-SDR.com website not only offers its inexpensive SDR many just call the "V3" but also a device called the Kerberos and its upcoming really exciting update to this called the Kraken. 

This topic on phase coherent SDR is best left for another time, like how to change some code to use the older Kerberos hardware with the newer software meant for the Kraken.

Please give a listen to support Rick and his October 5th SDR presentation by marking your calendar now incase you have other things in the Hudson Valley or beyond taking place the same evening.

Tuesday, July 6, 2021

L-Band: Frequencies You Need To Know About


L Band is defined by IEEE as 1 to 2 GHz and there is a lot going on in this valuable chunk of spectrum that will be of interest to any radio hobbyist, regardless if you are an amateur radio person or not.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) visualizes L-Band like this:



Lets take a quick look at what to expect via some easy to monitor targets as single discrete frequencies:

  1. 1030 MHz ( ADS-B Interrogator)
  2. 1090 MHz (ADS-B/1090ES)
  3. 1176.45 MHz (GPS L5 & GLONASS L5OCM & Baidou B2a  & NavIC L5)
  4. 1191.795 MHz (Baidou B2a/B2b)
  5. 1202.025 MHz (GLONASS L3OC)
  6. 1207.14 (GLONASS L3OCM  & Baidou B2I/B2Q)
  7. 1227.60 (GPS L2)
  8. 1246 MHz (GLONASS L2)
  9. 1248.06 MHz (GLONASS L2OC & L2SC)
  10. 1268.52 MHz (Baidou B3I/B3Q/B3A)
  11. 1294.0 MHz (Amateur Region 3 FM Calling)
  12. 1294.5 MHz (Amateur Region 2 FM Calling)
  13. 1296.1 MHz (Amateur Region 2 CW/SSB Calling
  14. 1296.2 MHz (Amateur Region 1 CW/SSB Calling
  15. 1297.5 MHz (Amateur Region 1 FM Calling)
  16. 1381.05 (GPS L3)
  17. 1420 MHz (Hydrogen Line)
  18. 1544.5 MHz (COSPAT-SARSAT)
  19. 1561.098 MHz (Baidou B1Q)
  20. 1575.420 MHz (GPS L1 & GLONASS L1OCM  & Baidou B1C/B1/B1A)
  21. 1600.995 MHz (GLONASS L1OC & L1SC)
  22. 1602 MHz (GLONASS L1)
  23. 1691.0 MHz (GOES-10 WEFAX & MeteoSat & GMS)
  24. 1685.7 MHz (GOES-10 GVAR PDUS  & GOES-12 GVAR PDUS)
  25. 1694.1 MHz (GOES-16 HRIT/EMWIN & GOES-17 HRIT/EMWIN)
  26. 1698 MHz (NOAA-16 HRPT & NOAA-12 HRPT)
  27. 1702.5 MHz (NOAA-15 HRPT)
  28. 1707 MHz (NOAA-17 HRPT & NOAA-14 HRPT)

There is much more more beyond the above list worth looking at, but to do so, you need the right receiver and the right antenna to get started.

Your first L-Band Receiver

This is the easiest part to buy, but will get more complicated later on.  

Purchasing an inexpensive software defined radio USB dongle like a genuine RTL-SDR v3 will offer the most flexibility to experiment with for L-Band monitoring. Why?

  • Costs less than $40 USD
  • Can be repurposed for monitoring frequencies outside of L-Band
  • Can resolve signals up to and between 2.4 MHz and 3.2 MHz bandwidth
  • Relatively stable accuracy across entire tuning range thanks to its 1 PPM TCXO
  • Has a low power DC bias injector needed for some external amplifiers or antennae
  • Easy to locate closer to antenna or computer depending on application because of its USB and SMA connectors.

Many of the signals found in L-Band are data communications versus voice modes like N-FM or SSB, so using an SDR is the best way to get started.

Your first L-Band Antennae

This is a tough thing to address since an antenna at L band frequencies will have different benefits or shortcomings depending on what you wish to monitor.

With most applications for L Band focused on directional or space based communications, a pre amplified or passive patch antenna is a good way to start out as well as to try a single plane Yagi antenna.

Currently my "favorite" antenna for a large and interesting portion of L Band is made by the same folks who make the popular RTL-SDR V3 USB device mentioned above.  

Covering 1525 to 1660 MHz, this amplified antenna is very nice and comes with a length of cable and mounting options. Purchase direct from RTL-SDR.com or via Amazon here.


While the nice suction and gripper base are included with the antenna, I found them personally a little annoying so instead for portable demonstrations, I am using this inexpensive tripod that extends up to almost 4ft tall and collapses down very small. And, it comes with some other accessories that made it an even better deal. 


There are many other options for specific portions of  L Band to consider especially if you are interested in ADS-B aircraft signals at 1090 MHz or the amateur radio portion of the band from 1240 to 1300 MHz but we are not going to focus on those in this article. 

Your first L-Band Software

There are so many options, but here is a list of the top options worth having on hand.

General Purpose:  SDRangel - This great and under appreciated software offers a lot if you are interested in L-Band monitoring. Built in mapping for ADS-B at 1090 MHz plus some helpful satellite prediction and visualization tools along with digital television options are a few examples. 



SAR & Navigation: Tekmanoid EGC/LES STD-C Decoder - If you are interested in decoding InMarSat satellites which are used for maritime shipping and safety along with some aircraft or search and rescue situations, this may be of interest.


High Resolution Weather:  XHRPT, HRPT Reader, HRPT Decoder for HRPT as well as GOES imaging are a few options ranging from free to paid software. 

There are enough videos and articles elsewhere that talk about how to set up this high resolution weather decoding using the 1.6 GHz range spectrum within L Band. Many people find success with repurposing  2.4 GHz Wi-Fi grid antennae with a simple modification or a purpose made 1.7 GHz version. 

HRPT satellite   HRPT satellite


Amateur DATV:  SDRangel - This program is great for many reasons, but one area to use it for is decoding different analog and digital video signals. A typical DVB-S2 signal is less than 300 kHz wide and using the 23cm amateur band using a Lime SDR or HackRF is a great way to experiment along with DATVexpess to transmit with, and use SDRangel to receive.


Summary

This article is not meant to be an exhaustive how to article, but to raise awareness of L Band and for the amateur radio crowd, to see how in demand this spectrum is and to find ways to utilize the 1240 to 1300 MHz allocation in the United States before commercial services further try to purchase this spectrum.